June 2020 - NOMC - lists.nbpcb.org

Article Beyone City Sidewalks
by debandjeff＠allophone.com 20 Aug '24

20 Aug '24

Hello Everyone, I have attached several articles that may be of interest to some of you. If you have some articles that you feel may be of benefit to us, please attach it and send it out. Jeff

3 3

Coming up Tuesday: Planes, Canes and Trains Documentary and Discussion
by fschroeder＠sks.com 30 Jun '20

30 Jun '20

Colleagues: The below announcement concerns a documentary titled, "Planes, Trains and Canes: Documentary screening and discussion." I have not seen the documentary but thought it might be of interest to people on this list. Fredric K. Schroeder, Ph.D. _____ From: 'Chancey Fleet' via Technology Programs at Andrew Heiskell Braille & Talking Book Library <HeiskellTech at googlegroups.com <mailto:HeiskellTech at googlegroups.com> > Sent: Monday, June 29, 2020 5:24:22 PM To: heiskelltech at googlegroups.com <mailto:heiskelltech at googlegroups.com> <heiskelltech at googlegroups.com <mailto:heiskelltech at googlegroups.com> >; new-york-news at nfbnet.org <mailto:new-york-news at nfbnet.org> <new-york-news at nfbnet.org <mailto:new-york-news at nfbnet.org> > Subject: Coming up Tuesday: Planes, Canes and Trains Documentary and Discussion Planes, Trains and Canes: Documentary screening and discussion Tuesday June 30, 2:00 - 3:30 PM Eastern Planes, Canes and Trains is a Youtube documentary by Dr. Mona Minkara, winner of the Holman Prize for Blind Ambition. We'll watch an episode about Mona's exploration of Tokyo using her mobility skills and public transportation. Then, we'll talk about the episode, how accessible technology is different in Japan, and how each of us navigates the world with our own mix of skills and strategies. Anyone is welcome. Our remote tech programs are an evolution of the in -person and hybrid workshops hosted at the Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Librry. Our ; blind, sighted, or somewhere in between; local or far away, we welcome you for fellowship, learning and encouragement on your tech learning journey. To register, please fill this quick form. You'll receive a Zoom link and dial-in details. Please try to complete your registration as soon as you can: last call is 1 PM Eastern on the day of the event. tinyurl.com/heiskelltech <http://tinyurl.com/heiskelltech> To join our technology and Braille team's event announcement list, please drop a line to heiskelltech+subscribe at googlegroups.com <mailto:heiskelltech%2Bsubscribe at googlegroups.com> - we'll let you know about all the other remote programming we offer. To learn more about us or suggest a workshop, contact our tech coordinator: chanceyfleet at nypl.org <mailto:chanceyfleet at nypl.org> To support open discussion and patron privacy, our workshops are never recorded. -- Chancey S. Fleet Assistive Technology Coordinator Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Library (212) 621-0627 -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Technology Programs at Andrew Heiskell Braille & Talking Book Library" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to HeiskellTech+unsubscribe at googlegroups.com <mailto:HeiskellTech+unsubscribe at googlegroups.com> .

1 0

Fwd: Audible Pedestrian Signals
by benv＠fastmail.com 29 Jun '20

29 Jun '20

Hello all, I am forwarding an e-mail I received from Gary Wunder regarding audible pedestrian signels. On a recent NOMC Zoom call, I discussed the information that Gary gives in this e-mail I'm forwarding. It was not in written form until now, as I understand it. So I requested that Gary consider writing it down. He did so, and he verified what he wrote with the other participants. Sincerely, Ben Begin forwarded message: > From: Gary Wunder <gwunder at earthlink.net> > Date: June 26, 2020 at 10:10:09 PM CDT > To: Ben Vercellone <benv at fastmail.com> > Subject: FW: Audible Pedestrian Signals > Reply-To: <gwunder at earthlink.net> > > ? > Here is the story. I confirmed it with all of the folks involved, hence the delay in responding. > > Greetings to all of you who did testing of audible traffic signals in Columbia. I told something like the story below, and when some of our professional folks heard the story, they wanted it in written form. So, before I commit it to writing, let me see if it jives with your recollections. Here it is: > > About four years ago our Columbia chapter became involved in the discussion about audible traffic signals. We were notified that the city planned to put some in, and all of the usual arguments about signals got floor time at the chapter meeting. > > As a chapter that had been in existence for well over forty years in the community, we were surprised and just a little bit angry about hearing that a decision had been made on something of such importance without us. We figured out what units of city and state government had been involved in the decision, but before we wrote to them about the signals, we thought it prudent to first do research. So it was that Dacia Cole, Justin Cole, Julie McGinnity, Debbie Wunder, and I piled into a car to investigate the intersections marked for a signal. Two of us used a cane, and two of us a guide dog. Four of the people I mentioned were blind. One could see, so he acted as our driver and our observer. > > He was quiet during all of our crossings, and when we asked him how well we had done after visiting four intersections, his answer was different from what any of us expected. "At no point were any of you in danger of being hit. You were crossing safely, but more than half the time you were crossing during the caution or don't walk signal. If I had seen something terrible, of course I would've yelled out, but again, you were safe, but most of the time you were wrong." > > For a long time I have been intrigued by the question of Are men made for laws or are laws made for men. Of course the latter is true, but, had we been hit, the fact that we were crossing against the light certainly would have weighed against us. We have worked hard to see that blindness is not used to find that we are contributorily negligent by traveling on our own, but I think that crossing against the light would certainly have to be an argument against us in almost any legal proceeding. > > >

1 0

No O&M Conference call this week
by debandjeff＠allophone.com 29 Jun '20

29 Jun '20

Hello Everyone, Since there has been only one response to my request for subjects to discuss on the conference call this week, and this subject can likely be handled by an e-mail that will be coming out soon regarding the Cane Walk, we will not be holding the call tomorrow afternoon. If any of you have questions regarding the Cane Walk, please feel free to either e-mail me, or call me at: (402) 489-9458. We will be having a discussion breakout session at the National Conference on July 14th, so please be thinking about the items you want to talk about at that time. Thank you, Jeff

1 0

TGhe e-mails going to the parents
by debandjeff＠allophone.com 27 Jun '20

27 Jun '20

Hello everyone, Melissa Riccobono has prepared the following e-mails for the parents of the young people we will be working with. I will be sending out an e-mail to all of you before the 6th that will provide you with all of the necessary contact information, Zoom links, and ordering instructions for canes and the like. Things are coming together, and and so if you think of anything that we are overlooking, please let me know. Jeff Altman MA NOMCT CVRCB Thank you for registering for the National Organization of Parents of Blind Children conference in conjunction with the National Convention of the National Federation of the Blind. We are so glad you are planning to join us! And, thank you for your interest in our virtual Cane Walk! Our virtual Cane Walk is a chance for you and your blind child(ren) to work on cane travel skills with a cane travel instructor from the comfort of your own home. Get information on the advantages of a lighter longer cane, ask questions, work on the skills which are most important to you, and more! To begin your virtual Cane Walk, please Register Here <http://www.nopbc.org/canewalk> After registering you will receive an email with further information. Do you have questions? Feel free to contact Melissa Riccobono at MelissaARiccobono at gmail.com We look forward to working with you and your blind child(ren). Dear Cane Walk Participants, We are so excited that you have registered to join us for our virtual Cane Walk! This email contains important information you will need in order to take full advantage of this experience. Cane Walk Instructor: Within the next few days, you will be matched with a cane travel instructor. This instructor will contact you via email or telephone to get to know you and your blind child(ren). The instructor will be able to give you basic cane travel information, talk with you about skills you would like to work on with your child(ren) and, most important, schedule a time with you for an hour of virtual cane travel instruction. If you do not hear from a cane travel instructor in seven days, please contact Jeff Altman at debandjeff at allophone.com An introductory Cane Walk session will be held on Monday, July 6, at 8 pm eastern time. Families are strongly encouraged to attend this session. However, it will be recorded, and will be available if this is not a good day or time for you. Join this meeting <https://zoom.us/j/94239536647?pwd=NnZJcG5xcVJlMEdZUlNXZWp6Q2gyUT09> via the Zoom app on your computer or mobile phone, or call +1 646 558 8656. Meeting ID: 942 3953 6647 Password: 891056 We are hopeful that you will be able to schedule your virtual Cane Walk session sometime before the evening of July 13, or, at the latest, before the morning of July 15. This is because we will be having two "Debrief" sessions for Cane Walk participants to discuss what they learned, ask any lingering questions, and give us feedback on this virtual format. Please plan to attend one of these sessions: Monday, July 13, at 8 pm eastern time. Join here <https://zoom.us/j/91449245971?pwd=WUQ0M3EzKzBnUlhxKy9TQ0VBNWNlZz09> , or call +1 646 558 8656. Meeting ID: 914 4924 5971 Password: 412114 Wednesday, July 15, 11 am eastern time Join Here <https://zoom.us/j/92042391665?pwd=c1A0ZWZzVG5EeGdqN0N1SHppSTk2UT09> Or call +1646-558-8656. Meeting ID: 920 4239 1665 Password: 283583 If you have any additional questions, please contact Jeff Altman at debandjeff at allophone.com Or Melissa Riccobono at MelissaARiccobono at gmail.com Happy travels to you and your child(ren)!

1 0

Reducing Transmission of SARS CoV-2
by debandjeff＠allophone.com 26 Jun '20

26 Jun '20

<https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> Skip to main content <https://promo.aaas.org/science/join/?CTC=SMHPJN> Become a Member <https://www.sciencemag.org/account/login?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.scien…> Log In <https://www.sciencemag.org/> ScienceMag.org <javascript:void(0)> Search <javascript:void(0)> X Top of Form <https://search.sciencemag.org/> Advanced Search Bottom of Form <https://science.sciencemag.org/> Contents <https://science.sciencemag.org/> Current Issue <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/by/year> Archive <https://www.sciencemag.org/custom-publishing> Custom Publishing <https://www.sciencemag.org/news> News <https://www.sciencemag.org/news/latest-news> Latest News <https://www.sciencemag.org/news/scienceinsider> ScienceInsider <https://www.sciencemag.org/careers> Careers <https://www.sciencemag.org/careers/articles> Articles <https://www.sciencemag.org/careers/employers> Employer Profiles <https://jobs.sciencecareers.org/> Find Jobs <https://www.sciencemag.org/careers/graduate-programs> Graduate Programs <https://www.sciencemag.org/journals> Journals <https://science.sciencemag.org/> Science <https://advances.sciencemag.org/> Science Advances <https://immunology.sciencemag.org/> Science Immunology <https://robotics.sciencemag.org/> Science Robotics <https://stke.sciencemag.org/> Science Signaling <https://stm.sciencemag.org/> Science Translational Medicine <https://spj.sciencemag.org/> Science Partner Journals <https://www.sciencemag.org/coronavirus-research-commentary-and-news?intcmp=…> Read our COVID-19 research and news. Advertisement share PerspectiveViewpoint: COVID-19 Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Kimberly A. Prather <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 1, Chia C. Wang <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 2, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 3, Robert T. Schooley <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 4 1Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. 2Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804, Republic of China. 3Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804, Republic of China. 4Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Email: <mailto:kprather at ucsd.edu> kprather at ucsd.edu See allHide authors and affiliations Science 26 Jun 2020: Vol. 368, Issue 6498, pp. 1422-1424 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc6197 Kimberly A. Prather 1Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola…> Find this author on Google Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Prather%20KA&…> Find this author on PubMed <https://science.sciencemag.org/search/author1%3AKimberly%2BA.%2BPrather%2B> Search for this author on this site Chia C. Wang 2Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804, Republic of China. 3Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804, Republic of China. <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola…> Find this author on Google Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wang%20CC&lin…> Find this author on PubMed <https://science.sciencemag.org/search/author1%3AChia%2BC.%2BWang%2B> Search for this author on this site Robert T. Schooley 4Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola…> Find this author on Google Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Schooley%20RT…> Find this author on PubMed <https://science.sciencemag.org/search/author1%3ARobert%2BT.%2BSchooley%2B> Search for this author on this site <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422> Article <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422/tab-figures-data> Figures & Data <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422/tab-article-info> Info & Metrics <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422/tab-e-letters> eLetters <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422/tab-pdf> PDF Loading Embedded Image<img class="highwire-embed" alt="Embedded Image" src="https://science.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/highwire/sci/368/6498/14…"/> Correctly fitted masks are an important tool to reduce airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2, particularly in enclosed spaces, such as on this Moscow Metro train in Russia. PHOTO: SERGEI FADEICHEV/TASS VIA GETTY IMAGES Respiratory infections occur through the transmission of virus-containing droplets (>5 to 10 ?m) and aerosols (?5 ?m) exhaled from infected individuals during breathing, speaking, coughing, and sneezing. Traditional respiratory disease control measures are designed to reduce transmission by droplets produced in the sneezes and coughs of infected individuals. However, a large proportion of the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears to be occurring through airborne transmission of aerosols produced by asymptomatic individuals during breathing and speaking ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 1? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 3). Aerosols can accumulate, remain infectious in indoor air for hours, and be easily inhaled deep into the lungs. For society to resume, measures designed to reduce aerosol transmission must be implemented, including universal masking and regular, widespread testing to identify and isolate infected asymptomatic individuals. Humans produce respiratory droplets ranging from 0.1 to 1000 ?m. A competition between droplet size, inertia, gravity, and evaporation determines how far emitted droplets and aerosols will travel in air ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 4, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 5). Larger respiratory droplets will undergo gravitational settling faster than they evaporate, contaminating surfaces and leading to contact transmission. Smaller droplets and aerosols will evaporate faster than they can settle, are buoyant, and thus can be affected by air currents, which can transport them over longer distances. Thus, there are two major respiratory virus transmission pathways: contact (direct or indirect between people and with contaminated surfaces) and airborne inhalation. In addition to contributing to the extent of dispersal and mode of transmission, respiratory droplet size has been shown to affect the severity of disease. For example, influenza virus is more commonly contained in aerosols with sizes below 1 ?m (submicron), which lead to more severe infection ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 4). In the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it is possible that submicron virus-containing aerosols are being transferred deep into the alveolar region of the lungs, where immune responses seem to be temporarily bypassed. SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to replicate three times faster than SARS-CoV-1 and thus can rapidly spread to the pharynx, from which it can be shed before the innate immune response becomes activated and produces symptoms ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 6). By the time symptoms occur, the patient has transmitted the virus without knowing. SIGN UP FOR THE SCIENCE eTOC Get the latest issue of Science delivered right to you! Top of Form Email Country I also wish to receive emails from AAAS/Science and Science advertisers, including information on products, services, and special offers which may include but are not limited to news, career information, & upcoming events. Required fields are indicated by an asterisk(*) Sign up today Bottom of Form Identifying infected individuals to curb SARS-CoV-2 transmission is more challenging compared to SARS and other respiratory viruses because infected individuals can be highly contagious for several days, peaking on or before symptoms occur ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 2, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 7). These ?silent shedders? could be critical drivers of the enhanced spread of SARS-CoV-2. In Wuhan, China, it has been estimated that undiagnosed cases of COVID-19 infection, who were presumably asymptomatic, were responsible for up to 79% of viral infections ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 3). Therefore, regular, widespread testing is essential to identify and isolate infected asymptomatic individuals. Airborne transmission was determined to play a role during the SARS outbreak in 2003 ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 1, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 4). However, many countries have not yet acknowledged airborne transmission as a possible pathway for SARS-CoV-2 ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 1). Recent studies have shown that in addition to droplets, SARS-CoV-2 may also be transmitted through aerosols. A study in hospitals in Wuhan, China, found SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols further than 6 feet from patients, with higher concentrations detected in more crowded areas ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 8). Estimates using an average sputum viral load for SARS-CoV-2 indicate that 1 min of loud speaking could generate >1000 virion-containing aerosols ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 9). Assuming viral titers for infected super-emitters (with 100-fold higher viral load than average) yields an increase to more than 100,000 virions in emitted droplets per minute of speaking. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for social distancing of 6 feet and hand washing to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 are based on studies of respiratory droplets carried out in the 1930s. These studies showed that large, ?100 ?m droplets produced in coughs and sneezes quickly underwent gravitational settling ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 1). However, when these studies were conducted, the technology did not exist for detecting submicron aerosols. As a comparison, calculations predict that in still air, a 100-?m droplet will settle to the ground from 8 feet in 4.6 s, whereas a 1-?m aerosol particle will take 12.4 hours ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 4). Measurements now show that intense coughs and sneezes that propel larger droplets more than 20 feet can also create thousands of aerosols that can travel even further ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 1). Increasing evidence for SARS-CoV-2 suggests the 6 feet CDC recommendation is likely not enough under many indoor conditions, where aerosols can remain airborne for hours, accumulate over time, and follow airflows over distances further than 6 feet ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 5, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 10). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/368/6498/1422/F1.large.jpg?width…> data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7<img class="fragment-image" aria-describedby="F1-caption" src="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/368/6498/1422/F1.medium.gif"/> <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/368/6498/1422/F1.large.jpg?downl…> Download high-res image <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/368/6498/1422/F1.large.jpg> Open in new tab <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/powerpoint/746282> Download Powerpoint Masks reduce airborne transmission Infectious aerosol particles can be released during breathing and speaking by asymptomatic infected individuals. No masking maximizes exposure, whereas universal masking results in the least exposure. GRAPHIC: V. ALTOUNIAN/SCIENCE In outdoor environments, numerous factors will determine the concentrations and distance traveled, and whether respiratory viruses remain infectious in aerosols. Breezes and winds often occur and can transport infectious droplets and aerosols long distances. Asymptomatic individuals who are speaking while exercising can release infectious aerosols that can be picked up by airstreams ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 10). Viral concentrations will be more rapidly diluted outdoors, but few studies have been carried out on outdoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 can be inactivated by ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, and it is likely sensitive to ambient temperature and relative humidity, as well as the presence of atmospheric aerosols that occur in highly polluted areas. Viruses can attach to other particles such as dust and pollution, which can modify the aerodynamic characteristics and increase dispersion. Moreover, people living in areas with higher concentrations of air pollution have been shown to have higher severity of COVID-19 ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 11). Because respiratory viruses can remain airborne for prolonged periods before being inhaled by a potential host, studies are needed to characterize the factors leading to loss of infectivity over time in a variety of outdoor environments over a range of conditions Given how little is known about the production and airborne behavior of infectious respiratory droplets, it is difficult to define a safe distance for social distancing. Assuming SARS-CoV-2 virions are contained in submicron aerosols, as is the case for influenza virus, a good comparison is exhaled cigarette smoke, which also contains submicron particles and will likely follow comparable flows and dilution patterns. The distance from a smoker at which one smells cigarette smoke indicates the distance in those surroundings at which one could inhale infectious aerosols. In an enclosed room with asymptomatic individuals, infectious aerosol concentrations can increase over time. Overall, the probability of becoming infected indoors will depend on the total amount of SARS-CoV-2 inhaled. Ultimately, the amount of ventilation, number of people, how long one visits an indoor facility, and activities that affect airflow will all modulate viral transmission pathways and exposure ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 10). For these reasons, it is important to wear properly fitted masks indoors even when 6 feet apart. Airborne transmission could account, in part, for the high secondary transmission rates to medical staff, as well as major outbreaks in nursing facilities. The minimum dose of SARS-CoV-2 that leads to infection is unknown, but airborne transmission through aerosols has been documented for other respiratory viruses, including measles, SARS, and chickenpox ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 4). Airborne spread from undiagnosed infections will continuously undermine the effectiveness of even the most vigorous testing, tracing, and social distancing programs. After evidence revealed that airborne transmission by asymptomatic individuals might be a key driver in the global spread of COVID-19, the CDC recommended the use of cloth face coverings. Masks provide a critical barrier, reducing the number of infectious viruses in exhaled breath, especially of asymptomatic people and those with mild symptoms ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 12) (see the figure). Surgical mask material reduces the likelihood and severity of COVID-19 by substantially reducing airborne viral concentrations ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 13). Masks can also protect uninfected individuals from SARS-CoV-2 aerosols and droplets ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 13, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 14). Thus, it is particularly important to wear masks in locations with conditions that can accumulate high concentrations of viruses, such as health care settings, airplanes, restaurants, and other crowded places with reduced ventilation. The aerosol filtering efficiency of different materials, thicknesses, and layers used in properly fitted homemade masks was recently found to be similar to that of the medical masks that were tested ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 14). Thus, the option of universal masking is no longer held back by shortages. >From epidemiological data, places that have been most effective in reducing the spread of COVID-19 have implemented universal masking, including Taiwan, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea. In the battle against COVID-19, Taiwan (population 24 million, first COVID-19 case 21 January 2020) did not implement a lockdown during the pandemic, yet maintained a low incidence of 441 cases and 7 deaths (as of 21 May 2020). By contrast, the state of New York (population ?20 million, first COVID case 1 March 2020), had a higher number of cases (353,000) and deaths (24,000). By quickly activating its epidemic response plan that was established after the SARS outbreak, the Taiwanese government enacted a set of proactive measures that successfully prevented the spread of SARS-CoV-2, including setting up a central epidemic command center in January, using technologies to detect and track infected patients and their close contacts, and perhaps most importantly, requesting people to wear masks in public places. The government also ensured the availability of medical masks by banning mask manufacturers from exporting them, implementing a system to ensure that every citizen could acquire masks at reasonable prices, and increasing the production of masks. In other countries, there have been widespread shortages of masks, resulting in most residents not having access to any form of medical mask ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 15). This striking difference in the availability and widespread adoption of wearing masks likely influenced the low number of COVID-19 cases. Aerosol transmission of viruses must be acknowledged as a key factor leading to the spread of infectious respiratory diseases. Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is silently spreading in aerosols exhaled by highly contagious infected individuals with no symptoms. Owing to their smaller size, aerosols may lead to higher severity of COVID-19 because virus-containing aerosols penetrate more deeply into the lungs ( <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> 10). It is essential that control measures be introduced to reduce aerosol transmission. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to address a wide range of factors that lead to the production and airborne transmission of respiratory viruses, including the minimum virus titer required to cause COVID-19; viral load emitted as a function of droplet size before, during, and after infection; viability of the virus indoors and outdoors; mechanisms of transmission; airborne concentrations; and spatial patterns. More studies of the filtering efficiency of different types of masks are also needed. COVID-19 has inspired research that is already leading to a better understanding of the importance of airborne transmission of respiratory disease. <http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse> http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse This is an article distributed under the terms of the <http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse> Science Journals Default License. References and Notes <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> ? L. Morawska, J. Cao , Environ. Int. 139, 105730 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/%7Bopenurl%7D?query=rft.jti…> OpenUrl <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.env…> CrossRef <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=32294574&link…> PubMed <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> Google Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> E. L. Anderson et al <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> ., Risk Anal. 40, 902 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> S. Asadi et al <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> ., Aerosol Sci. Technol. 54, 635 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> OpenUrlCrossRefGoogle Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> R. Tellier et al <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> ., BMC Infect. Dis. 19, 101 (2019). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> R. Mittal, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> R. Ni, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> J.-H. Seo <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> , J. Fluid Mech. 10.1017/jfm.2020.330 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> Google Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> H. Chu et al <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> ., Clin. Infect. Dis. 10.1093/cid/ciaa410 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> Google Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> X. He et al <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> ., Nat. Med. 26, 672 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> OpenUrlPubMedGoogle Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> Y. Liu et al <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> ., Nature 10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> Google Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> V. Stadnytskyi et al <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> ., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 202006874 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> Google Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> G. Buonanno, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> L. Stabile, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> L. Morawska <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> , Environ. Int. 141, 105794 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> E. Conticini, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> B. Frediani, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> D. Caro <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> , Environ. Pollut. 261, 114465 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> N. H. L. Leung et al <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> ., Nat. Med. 26, 676 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> J. F.-W. Chan et al <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> ., Clin. Infect. Dis. 10.1093/cid/ciaa644 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> Google Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> A. Konda et al <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> ., ACS Nano 10.1021/acsnano.0c03252 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> Google Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> ? <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> C. C. Leung, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> T. H. Lam, <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> K. K. Cheng <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> , Lancet 395, 945 (2020). <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> Acknowledgments: The authors thank S. Strathdee, D. Petras, and L. Marr for helpful discussions. K.A.P. is supported by the NSF Center for Aerosol Impacts on Chemistry of the Environment (CHE1801971). R.T.S. is supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI131424). C.C.W. is supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 108-2113-M-110-003) and the Higher Education Sprout Project of the Ministry of Education, Taiwan, ROC. <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola….> View Abstract <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422.abstract> Recommended articles from TrendMD <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422.abstract> Reducing airborne transmission <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1443.9?rss=1&intcmp=trendmd…> Gemma Alderton, Michael Funk, Science <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1443.9?rss=1&intcmp=trendmd…> The search for a COVID-19 animal model <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6494/942?intcmp=trendmd-sci> Seema S. Lakdawala et al., Science, 2020 <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6494/942?intcmp=trendmd-sci> Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS?coronavirus 2 <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/04/07/science.abb7015?int…> Jianzhong Shi et al., Science, 2020 <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/04/07/science.abb7015?int…> Combination prevention for COVID-19 <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6491/551?intcmp=trendmd-sci> Myron S. Cohen et al., Science, 2020 <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6491/551?intcmp=trendmd-sci> Genomic surveillance reveals multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into Northern California <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/06/05/science.abb9263?int…> Xianding Deng et al., Science, 2020 <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/06/05/science.abb9263?int…> Coronavirus Stable for Hours on Surfaces <https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/coronavirus-stable-for-hours-on-surfac…> By staff, US Pharmacist, 2020 <https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/coronavirus-stable-for-hours-on-surfac…> Coronavirus (COVID-19) <https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/coronavirus-covid19?utm_source=TrendMD…> By staff, US Pharmacist, 2020 <https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/coronavirus-covid19?utm_source=TrendMD…> Plant Derived Antiviral Products for Potential Treatment of COVID-19: A Review <http://www.techscience.com/phyton/online/detail/17611?utm_source=TrendMD&ut…> Rashid Iqbal Khan1 et al., Phyton, International Journal of Experimental Botany <http://www.techscience.com/phyton/online/detail/17611?utm_source=TrendMD&ut…> NGS-Based Target Capture for SARS-CoV-2 Detection and Characterization <https://www.genomeweb.com/resources/white-papers/ngs-based-target-capture-s…> GenomeWeb <https://www.genomeweb.com/resources/white-papers/ngs-based-target-capture-s…> Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19 <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095177920302045?utm_sou…> Li et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2020 <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095177920302045?utm_sou…> Powered by <https://www.trendmd.com/how-it-works-readers> Privacy policy <https://www.trendmd.com/privacy> Do not sell my personal information <https://www.trendmd.com/personaldata> Google Analytics settings <https://www.trendmd.com/google-analytics> I consent to the use of Google Analytics and related cookies across the TrendMD network (widget, website, blog). Learn more <https://www.trendmd.com/google-analytics> Yes No <https://www.trendmd.com/google-analytics> Science: 368 (6498) <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498> Science <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498> Vol 368, Issue 6498 26 June 2020 <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498> Table of Contents <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498.toc> Print Table of Contents <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498.toc.pdf> Advertising (PDF) <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/368/6498/local/advertising.pdf> Classified (PDF) <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/368/6498/local/classified.pdf> Masthead (PDF) <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/368/6498/local/masthead.pdf> Article Tools <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/368/6498/local/masthead.pdf> Email <https://science.sciencemag.org/> Download Powerpoint <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422.powerpoint> Print <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/368/6498/1422.full-text.pdf> Request Permissions Alerts <https://science.sciencemag.org/> Citation tools <https://science.sciencemag.org/> Share <https://science.sciencemag.org/> Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 <https://science.sciencemag.org/> By Kimberly A. Prather, Chia C. Wang, Robert T. Schooley <https://science.sciencemag.org/> Science26 Jun 2020 : 1422-1424 <https://science.sciencemag.org/> Masks and testing are necessary to combat asymptomatic spread in aerosols and droplets <https://science.sciencemag.org/> Share This Article: Copy <Forms.HTML:Text.1> CiteULike logoConnotea logodel.icio.us logoDigg logoFacebook logoGoogle logoMendeley logoReddit logoTwitter logo <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire_log/share/twitter?link=http%3A%2F%2…> My saved folders <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire_log/share/twitter?link=http%3A%2F%2…> Save to my folders <https://science.sciencemag.org/> Stay Connected to Science <https://science.sciencemag.org/> Facebook <https://www.facebook.com/ScienceMagazine/> Twitter <https://twitter.com/sciencemagazine> Advertisement <https://twitter.com/sciencemagazine> Related Content <https://twitter.com/sciencemagazine> Research Articles <https://twitter.com/sciencemagazine> An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice <http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/12/541/eabb5883> Perspectives <http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/12/541/eabb5883> Design of vaccine efficacy trials during public health emergencies <http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/11/499/eaat0360> Research Articles <http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/11/499/eaat0360> Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses <http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/9/396/eaal3653> Editorials <http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/9/396/eaal3653> New coronavirus outbreak: Framing questions for pandemic prevention <http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/12/534/eabb1469> Related Information <http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/12/534/eabb1469> PODCAST Stopping the spread of COVID-19, and arctic adaptations in sled dogs <https://www.sciencemag.org/podcast/stopping-spread-covid-19-and-arctic-adap…> Similar Articles in: <https://www.sciencemag.org/podcast/stopping-spread-covid-19-and-arctic-adap…> PubMed <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/external-ref?link_type=MED_NBRS&acces…> Google Scholar <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola…> Navigate This Article <https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googleschola…> Article <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422> References and Notes <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422?fbclid=IwAR192lsyuIlCS…> Figures & Data <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422/tab-figures-data> Info & Metrics <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422/tab-article-info> eLetters <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422/tab-e-letters> PDF <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422/tab-pdf> Read the Latest Issue of Science <https://pubs.aaas.org/Promo/promo_setup_rd.asp?dmc=P5XPZ> 26 June 2020 <https://pubs.aaas.org/Promo/promo_setup_rd.asp?dmc=P5XPZ> Vol 368, Issue 6498 <https://pubs.aaas.org/Promo/promo_setup_rd.asp?dmc=P5XPZ> Magazine Cover <https://pubs.aaas.org/Promo/promo_setup_rd.asp?dmc=P5XPZ> Table of Contents <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498> Feature <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498> Martian chronicler <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1416> Machine Learning <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1416> ?Explaining? machine learning reveals policy challenges <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1433> Psychology <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1433> Confronting bias <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1435> SCI COMMUN <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1435> News at a glance <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1406> Viewpoint: COVID-19 <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1406> Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422> Working Life <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422> The pressure to assimilate <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1506> Get Our E-Alerts <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1506> Receive emails from Science. See full list <https://www.sciencemag.org/subscribe/get-our-newsletters> Top of Form <https://www.sciencemag.org/subscribe/get-our-newsletters> <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> Science Table of Contents <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> Science Daily News <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> Weekly News Roundup <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> Science Editor's Choice <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> First Release Notification <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> Science Careers Job Seeker <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> Country <Forms.HTML:Select.1> Email <Forms.HTML:Select.1> <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> I also wish to receive emails from AAAS/Science and Science advertisers, including information on products, services, and special offers which may include but are not limited to news, career information, & upcoming events. <Forms.HTML:Checkbox.1> Sign up today <Forms.HTML:Submitbutton.1> Required fields are indicated by an asterisk (*) <Forms.HTML:Submitbutton.1> Bottom of Form <Forms.HTML:Submitbutton.1> About Us <https://sciencemag.org/about/about-us> Journals <https://sciencemag.org/journals/> News from Science <https://sciencemag.org/news/about-news-science> Leadership <https://www.sciencemag.org/about/leadership-and-management> Team Members <https://sciencemag.org/about/team-members> Work at AAAS <https://aaas.org/page/employment-aaas> For Advertisers <https://advertising.sciencemag.org/> Advertising Kits <https://advertising.sciencemag.org/> Awards and Prizes <https://sciencemag.org/prizes> Custom Publishing <https://sciencemag.org/custom-publishing> Webinars <https://sciencemag.org/custom-publishing/webinars> For Authors <https://sciencemag.org/authors/contributing-science-family-journals> Submit <https://cts.sciencemag.org/scc/#/login> Information for Authors <https://sciencemag.org/authors/contributing-science-family-journals> Editorial Policies <https://sciencemag.org/authors/science-journals-editorial-policies> For Librarians <https://sciencemag.org/librarian> Manage Your Institutional Subscription <https://science.sciencemag.org/librarian-admin-portal> Information for Librarians <https://sciencemag.org/librarian> Request a Quote <https://sciencemag.org/subscribe-form/request-institutional-price-quote-or-…> FAQs <https://sciencemag.org/librarian-portal-frequently-asked-questions> Related Sites <https://sciencemag.org/related-sites> AAAS.org <https://www.aaas.org/> EurekAlert! <https://www.eurekalert.org/> Science in the Classroom <https://www.scienceintheclassroom.org/> Science Magazine Japanese <http://sciencemag.jp/> Help <https://sciencemag.org/help> Access and Subscriptions <https://sciencemag.org/subscriptions> Order a Single Issue <https://backissues.sciencemag.org/> Reprints and Permissions <https://sciencemag.org/help/reprints-and-permissions> Contact Us <https://sciencemag.org/about/contact-us> Accessibility <https://sciencemag.org/about/accessibility> Stay Connected <https://www.sciencemag.org/about/email-alerts-and-rss-feeds> Facebook <https://www.facebook.com/ScienceMagazine> Twitter <https://twitter.com/sciencemagazine> YouTube <https://www.youtube.com/user/ScienceMag> RSS Feeds <https://www.sciencemag.org/about/email-alerts-and-rss-feeds> Science/AAAS ? 2020 <https://www.aaas.org/> American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved. AAAS is a partner of <https://www.who.int/hinari/en/> HINARI, <http://www.fao.org/agora/en/> AGORA, <http://www.unep.org/oare/> OARE, <https://www.chorusaccess.org/> CHORUS, <https://www.clockss.org/> CLOCKSS, <https://www.crossref.org/> CrossRef and <https://www.projectcounter.org/> COUNTER. Science ISSN 1095-9203. <https://www.sciencemag.org/about/terms-service> Terms of Service <https://www.sciencemag.org/about/privacy-policy> Privacy Policy <https://www.aaas.org/contact-aaas> Contact AAAS <img src="https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/activity/src=8296686;type=sciecema;cat=scien…" width="1" height="1" alt=""/> Email This Articleclose Top of Form Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Science. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Your Email Your Name Send To Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. You are going to email the following <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422> Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422> Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Science <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422> Message Body (Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the Science web site. <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422> Your Personal Message <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422> <Forms.HTML:TextArea.1> CAPTCHA <Forms.HTML:Hidden.1> This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. <Forms.HTML:Hidden.1> <Forms.HTML:Hidden.1> <Forms.HTML:TextArea.1> Send Message <Forms.HTML:TextArea.1> Bottom of Form <Forms.HTML:TextArea.1> Alertsclose <Forms.HTML:TextArea.1> Please log in to add an alert for this article. <Forms.HTML:TextArea.1> Log In with your AAAS ID <javascript:loginAAAS();> Top of Form <javascript:loginAAAS();> Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address <javascript:loginAAAS();> Email <Forms.HTML:Text.1> Log in <Forms.HTML:Hidden.1> Bottom of Form <Forms.HTML:Hidden.1> Citation Toolsclose <Forms.HTML:Hidden.1> Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 <Forms.HTML:Hidden.1> By Kimberly A. Prather, Chia C. Wang, Robert T. Schooley <Forms.HTML:Hidden.1> Science26 Jun 2020 : 1422-1424 <Forms.HTML:Hidden.1> Masks and testing are necessary to combat asymptomatic spread in aerosols and droplets <Forms.HTML:Hidden.1> Citation Manager Formats <Forms.HTML:Hidden.1> BibTeX <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/citation/746327/bibtext> Bookends <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/citation/746327/bookends> EasyBib <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/citation/746327/easybib> EndNote (tagged) <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/citation/746327/endnote-tagged> EndNote 8 (xml) <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/citation/746327/endnote-8-xml> Medlars <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/citation/746327/medlars> Mendeley <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/citation/746327/mendeley> Papers <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/citation/746327/papers> RefWorks Tagged <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/citation/746327/refworks-tagged> Ref Manager <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/citation/746327/reference-manager> RIS <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/citation/746327/ris> Zotero <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/citation/746327/zotero> Login and then click "Save to my folders" againclose <https://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/citation/746327/zotero> Log In with your AAAS ID <javascript:loginAAAS();>

1 0

Some important details regarding the Cane Walk
by debandjeff＠allophone.com 23 Jun '20

23 Jun '20

Hello Everyone, Here are some important notes for everyone participating in the CaneWalk this year, so please hold onto this e-mail. We will be assisting families with obtaining canes, including assisting with sizing the canes and ordering as needed. There maybe situations where the child already has a cane of a different type, or the cane that was ordered does not arrive in time for lessons, so in these situations please do your best to make it a productive lesson. Below are the details provided to me by Melissa Riccobono. For Teaching Canes: Instructors should email freecane at nfb.org With NOPBC Teaching Cane as the subject line. They will need to include the parent's name and address, and, of course, the length of cane. If a cane is needed for a child, the parent should fill out the Free White Cane Request Form on the NFB website. (The instructor could do this on the parent's behalf, if the parent agrees. The NFB wants to make sure we get accurate information about the child who is receiving the cane.) If the instructor knows a Free White Cane form was filled out for a child, and the parent also wants a teaching cane, the instructor should include this fact in the email when he or she orders the teaching cane. The instructor might say something like: John Smith is the parent of Lindsay Smith, and he filled out a Free White Cane form for Lindsay this morning. We would appreciate it if these canes could be shipped together. We cannot guarantee that they will arrive together, but we will do our best to make this happen. One of our board members, Kimberly Banks, will be making learning shades for families who need them. If your instructors could ask families if they need learning shades, or if they all ready have them, that would be fantastic. Some families may all ready have a pair or two. If they do, great! If that is the case though, the instructor should send a quick note to Kimberlybanks1984 at gmail.com If Kimberly does not hear a family does not have shades, she will automatically send each family two-one for the child, and one for the parent. Thanks, Melissa

1 0

A couple of additional things regarding the Cane Walk
by debandjeff＠allophone.com 22 Jun '20

22 Jun '20

Hello Everyone, There are a couple of things that I need to update you on. As instructors we will be ordering proper length canes for the families, so when you initially contact the families, please work with them on fitting canes. Also, the follow-up will actually probably be both on the 13th and the 15th, but this is still being worked out, so please stand by on this. You may not have to attend these, and I will let you know the situation as we move forward. Finally, I may be looking for some assistance with matching instructors with families, so please let me know if you would be interested in assisting with this process. Jeff

2 1

Possible next Zoom conference call
by debandjeff＠allophone.com 22 Jun '20

22 Jun '20

Hello Everyone, I wanted to check in with you to see if there are subjects that you awant to discuss, so that I can determine whether having a Zoom call next week is needed, or if we should hold off until the Convention. Please let me know your thoughts, and if I do not hear from any of you, I'll assume that the consensus is that we should wait until then. Thanks, Jeff

1 0

The 2020 Cane Walk
by debandjeff＠allophone.com 22 Jun '20

22 Jun '20

Hello Everyone This is to update all of you regarding this year's Cane Walk. Currently the NOPBC is registering families for the Cane Walk, and as I receive this information, I will be working on matching you with the families that each of you will be working with. I do not know at this point how many will be participating, and therefore I also do not know if I may have to ask some of you to work with more than one family. Whether you are able to provide more than one lesson to a family is something you are welcome to arrange with the family you are working with. The introduction will be held the evening of July 6th, at 7:00 pm Central Time. This will be a Zoom event, and the link will be provided to all of you as soon as it is available. This will be an opportunity to explain to the families the purpose of the Cane Walk, to introduce the instructors, and how the lessons will be handled. Each of you will be provided with the contact information for the families so that you can schedule lessons and determine the remote method used to provide these lessons. There will also be a follow-up Zoom meeting either on the 13th or the 15th so that families can ask questions and provide feedback. The date of the follow-up Zoom meeting will be determined by the NOPBC leadership as they put the finishing touches on their agenda. As more information becomes available, I will update you. I truly appreciate eadch of you that are participating in this event, for joining with the NOPBC in this remarkable effort. I do not believe anyone has ever attempted anything like this before, so together we are making history. Thank you, Jeff Altman MA NOMCT CVRCB

1 0